Djangomanagement界面

Djangomanagement界面overview

Djangomanagement界面 is Djangoframeworkproviding 一个强 big functions, 它可以自动生成management界面, 用于managementapplicationin data. throughmanagement界面, management员可以easily地creation, 读取, update and deletedatalibraryin data, 而不需要writing任何额 out code.

creationmanagement员user

in usingDjangomanagement界面之 before , 需要creation一个management员user:

python manage.py createsuperuser

执行该commands after , 会提示输入user名, 邮箱 and password:

user名 (leave blank to use 'admin'): admin
电子email地址: admin@example.com
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.

访问management界面

启动Developmentserver after , 可以through以 under URL访问management界面:

http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/

using之 before creation management员user名 and passwordlogin after , 就可以看 to Djangomanagement界面 首页.

registermodel to management界面

默认circumstances under , Djangomanagement界面只显示 in 置 user and 组model. 要 in management界面inmanagement自定义model, 需要将modelregister to management界面.

basicregister

in application admin.pyfileinregistermodel:

# blog/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import BlogPost, Comment

# registermodel
admin.site.register(BlogPost)
admin.site.register(Comment)

register after , 刷 new management界面, 就可以看 to register model.

自定义management界面

可以throughcreationModelAdminclass来自定义model in management界面in 显示方式:

# blog/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import BlogPost, Comment

# 自定义BlogPostmanagement界面
class BlogPostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    # list页显示 字段
    list_display = ['title', 'is_published', 'pub_date', 'update_date']
    # 可搜索 字段
    search_fields = ['title', 'content']
    # filter字段
    list_filter = ['is_published', 'pub_date']
    # sort字段
    ordering = ['-pub_date']
    # list页可编辑字段
    list_editable = ['is_published']
    # 分页数量
    list_per_page = 10
    # 详情页字段group
    fieldsets = (
        ('basicinformation', {
            'fields': ('title', 'content')
        }),
        ('release设置', {
            'fields': ('is_published',)
        }),
    )

# 自定义Commentmanagement界面
class CommentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['name', 'email', 'post', 'created_at']
    search_fields = ['name', 'email', 'content']
    list_filter = ['post', 'created_at']
    ordering = ['-created_at']
    # 只读字段
    readonly_fields = ['created_at']

# registermodel and 自定义managementclass
admin.site.register(BlogPost, BlogPostAdmin)
admin.site.register(Comment, CommentAdmin)

常用ModelAdmin选项

• list_display: list页显示 字段.
• list_display_links: list页可点击 字段, 用于跳转 to 详情页.
• list_editable: list页可直接编辑 字段.
• list_filter: right 侧filter栏 字段.
• search_fields: 顶部搜索框可搜索 字段.
• ordering: 默认sort字段.
• list_per_page: list页每页显示 数量.
• fieldsets: 详情页字段 group and 布局.
• fields: 详情页显示 字段, 不group.
• exclude: 详情页排除 字段.
• readonly_fields: 只读字段.
• prepopulated_fields: 自动填充 字段.
• filter_horizontal: many for many 字段 水平选择器.
• filter_vertical: many for many 字段 垂直选择器.
• raw_id_fields: out 键字段 原始ID输入框.

自定义management界面样式

可以through以 under 方式自定义Djangomanagement界面 样式:

modifymanagement界面标题 and 站点标题

# mysite/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin

# modifymanagement界面标题
admin.site.site_header = '我 博客managementsystem'
# modify站点标题
admin.site.site_title = '博客management'
# modify首页标题
admin.site.index_title = '欢迎using博客managementsystem'

自定义management界面模板

可以through重写Djangomanagement界面 模板来自定义其 out 观. 首先需要 in projectincreationtemplatesTable of Contents, 并 in 其increationadmin子Table of Contents:

mysite/
├── templates/
│   └── admin/
│       └── base_site.html

然 after in base_site.htmlin重写management界面 模板:

{% extends "admin/base_site.html" %}

{% block extrahead %}
    {{ block.super }}
    <style>
        /* 自定义CSS样式 */
        #header {
            background-color: #4285F4;
        }
        .module h2, .module caption, .inline-group h2 {
            background-color: #4285F4;
        }
    </style>
{% endblock %}

{% block branding %}
    <h1 id="site-name">
        <a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">我 博客managementsystem</a>
    </h1>
{% endblock %}

最 after , in settings.pyinconfiguration模板Table of Contents:

# settings.py
TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],  # 添加模板Table of Contents
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]

in 联management

in 联management允许 in 一个model management界面in编辑其关联model data. 例such as, 可以 in 博客文章 management界面in直接编辑其评论.

一 for many relationships in 联

# blog/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import BlogPost, Comment

# 定义Comment in 联class
class CommentInline(admin.TabularInline):  #  or StackedInline
    model = Comment
    extra = 1  # 额 out 显示 空表单数量
    readonly_fields = ['created_at']  # 只读字段

# 自定义BlogPostmanagement界面, 添加Comment in 联
class BlogPostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['title', 'is_published', 'pub_date']
    inlines = [CommentInline]  # 添加 in 联

admin.site.register(BlogPost, BlogPostAdmin)

TabularInline and StackedInline 区别:

• TabularInline: 表格形式显示, 紧凑节省空间.
• StackedInline: 堆叠形式显示, 每个关联object占一行, 适合字段较 many circumstances.

自定义managementoperation

可以 in management界面in添加自定义operation, 用于批量processingdata.

# blog/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib import messages
from .models import BlogPost

class BlogPostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['title', 'is_published', 'pub_date']
    actions = ['make_published', 'make_unpublished']  # 添加自定义operation
    
    # 自定义operation: 批量release
    def make_published(self, request, queryset):
        # 执行operation
        updated = queryset.update(is_published=True)
        # 显示成功message
        self.message_user(request, f'成功release了 {updated} 篇文章. ', messages.SUCCESS)
    
    # 设置operation名称
    make_published.short_description = '批量release选in 文章'
    
    # 自定义operation: 批量取消release
    def make_unpublished(self, request, queryset):
        updated = queryset.update(is_published=False)
        self.message_user(request, f'成功取消release了 {updated} 篇文章. ', messages.SUCCESS)
    
    make_unpublished.short_description = '批量取消release选in 文章'

admin.site.register(BlogPost, BlogPostAdmin)

management界面permission控制

Djangomanagement界面providing了细粒度 permission控制, 可以throughuser and 组来managementpermission.

permissionclass型

for 于每个model, Django会自动creation四个permission:

• 查看permission (view) : 允许查看modeldata.
• 添加permission (add) : 允许添加modeldata.
• modifypermission (change) : 允许modifymodeldata.
• deletepermission (delete) : 允许deletemodeldata.

分配permission

可以throughmanagement界面 user or 组页面来分配permission:

1. loginmanagement界面, 进入"authentication and authorization"部分.
2. 选择"user" or "组".
3. 选择要编辑 user or 组.
4. in "permission"部分, 勾选要分配 permission.
5. 保存更改.

自定义permission

可以 in modelin定义自定义permission:

# blog/models.py
from django.db import models

class BlogPost(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    content = models.TextField()
    is_published = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    update_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
    
    class Meta:
        # 自定义permission
        permissions = [
            ('can_publish_posts', 'Can publish posts'),
            ('can_view_unpublished_posts', 'Can view unpublished posts'),
        ]
    
    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

定义自定义permission after , 需要执行migration:

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

management界面performanceoptimization

for 于 big 量data model, management界面可能会变得很 slow . 可以through以 under 方式optimization:

• usingselect_related() or prefetch_related(): reducingdatalibraryquery次数.
• 限制list_displayin 字段数量: reducing每行显示 data量.
• usingraw_id_fields替代默认 out 键选择器: for 于 big 量data out 键, usingraw_id_fields可以improvingperformance.
• 限制list_per_page 数量: reducing每页显示 data量.
• 避免 in list_displayinusing complex method: complex method会降 low list页 渲染速度.

# blog/admin.py
class BlogPostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['title', 'author', 'is_published', 'pub_date']
    raw_id_fields = ['author']  # usingraw_id_fields替代默认  out 键选择器
    
    # optimizationquery, reducingdatalibraryquery次数
    def get_queryset(self, request):
        return super().get_queryset(request).select_related('author')