Nginx虚拟主机tutorial

Learning基于名称, IP and 端口 虚拟主机configurationmethod, MasterNginx many 网站托管techniques

虚拟主机overview

虚拟主机 (Virtual Host) is 指 in 一台物理server on 托管 many 个网站 techniques. Nginxsupport三种class型 虚拟主机configuration:

虚拟主机techniques使得一台server可以同时托管 many 个网站, improving了server 利用率, reduced运维成本.

基于名称 虚拟主机

基于名称 虚拟主机 is 最常用 虚拟主机configuration方式, 它through不同 域名来区分不同 网站.

configurationmethod

through in server块in设置不同 server_name指令来implementation基于名称 虚拟主机: 

# 第一个虚拟主机
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

# 第二个虚拟主机
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name test.com www.test.com;
    
    root /var/www/test.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

server_name指令 匹配规则

server_name指令support以 under 匹配规则: 

# 精确匹配
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    # configuration in 容
}

# 通配符匹配
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name *.example.com;
    # configuration in 容
}

# 正则表达式匹配
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name ~^www\.(.+)$;
    # configuration in 容
}

基于IP 虚拟主机

基于IP 虚拟主机through不同 IP地址来区分不同 网站. 这种方式需要server has many 个IP地址.

configurationmethod

through in listen指令in指定不同 IP地址来implementation基于IP 虚拟主机: 

# 第一个IP地址 虚拟主机
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    
    root /var/www/site1;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

# 第二个IP地址 虚拟主机
server {
    listen 192.168.1.101:80;
    
    root /var/www/site2;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

基于端口 虚拟主机

基于端口 虚拟主机through不同 端口来区分不同 网站. 这种方式适用于testenvironment or 不需要域名 场景.

configurationmethod

through in listen指令in指定不同 端口来implementation基于端口 虚拟主机: 

# 80端口 虚拟主机
server {
    listen 80;
    
    root /var/www/site1;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

# 8080端口 虚拟主机
server {
    listen 8080;
    
    root /var/www/site2;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

虚拟主机 priority

当 many 个虚拟主机configuration可能匹配同一个request时, Nginx会按照以 under priority顺序选择虚拟主机:

1. 精确匹配 server_name

such asserver_name example.com;

2. 以星号开头 通配符匹配

such asserver_name *.example.com;

3. 以星号结尾 通配符匹配

such asserver_name mail.*;

4. 正则表达式匹配

such asserver_name ~^www\.(.+)$;

5. 默认虚拟主机

第一个匹配 to listen端口 虚拟主机, or 显式设置 for default_server 虚拟主机

设置默认虚拟主机

可以through in listen指令in添加default_serverparameter来设置默认虚拟主机: 

server {
    listen 80 default_server;
    listen [::]:80 default_server;
    
    server_name _;
    return 444;
}

这个configuration会拒绝所 has 不匹配other虚拟主机 request.

实践case: configuration many 个虚拟主机

以 under is a configuration many 个虚拟主机 完整example: 

# 默认虚拟主机
server {
    listen 80 default_server;
    listen [::]:80 default_server;
    
    server_name _;
    return 444;
}

# 第一个网站: example.com
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log main;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log warn;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
    
    error_page 404 /404.html;
    location = /404.html {
        internal;
    }
}

# 第二个网站: test.com
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name test.com www.test.com;
    
    root /var/www/test.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    access_log /var/log/nginx/test.com.access.log main;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/test.com.error.log warn;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
    
    error_page 404 /404.html;
    location = /404.html {
        internal;
    }
}

# 第三个网站: through8080端口访问
server {
    listen 8080;
    
    root /var/www/dev;
    index index.html index.htm;
    
    access_log /var/log/nginx/dev.access.log main;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/dev.error.log warn;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

这个configurationpackage含了:

虚拟主机configuration best practices

互动练习

1. Nginxsupport哪些class型 虚拟主机？ ( many 选)

A. 基于名称 虚拟主机
B. 基于IP 虚拟主机
C. 基于端口 虚拟主机
D. 基于protocol 虚拟主机

2. 以 under 哪种虚拟主机匹配规则priority最 high ？

A. 精确匹配 server_name
B. 以星号开头 通配符匹配
C. 以星号结尾 通配符匹配
D. 正则表达式匹配

3. 实践练习: configuration两个基于名称 虚拟主机

请configuration两个基于名称 虚拟主机:

  • 第一个虚拟主机: 域名 for site1.com, 网站根Table of Contents for /var/www/site1
  • 第二个虚拟主机: 域名 for site2.com, 网站根Table of Contents for /var/www/site2
  • 两个虚拟主机都监听80端口
  • for 每个虚拟主机configuration单独 访问log and errorlog

summarized and 展望

through本tutorial, 您已经Learning了Nginx虚拟主机 configurationmethod, including:

虚拟主机 is Nginx important functions, 它使得一台server可以同时托管 many 个网站, improving了server 利用率. in after 续 tutorialin, 我们将深入LearningNginx 反向proxy, load balancing, 静态fileservice, securityconfiguration, performanceoptimizationetc.advanced features, helping您全面MasterNginx usingtechniques.

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