软件工程quality保证tutorial

软件工程quality保证

软件工程quality保证 is 确保软件产品 and 过程符compliance定 quality要求 一系列 has 计划, has system 活动. 本章将介绍软件quality concepts, quality标准, quality保证措施, quality控制 and qualityimprovementmethod, helping您Understandsuch as何 in Software Development过程in确保 and improving软件quality.

1. 软件quality concepts

1.1 软件quality 定义

软件quality is 指软件产品满足规定 and 隐含 requirements 程度, 以及软件产品 features and 特征 总 and . 软件qualityincluding以 under 几个方面:

• functions性: 软件满足user明确 and 隐含requirements capacity
• reliability: 软件 in 规定 条件 under and 规定 时间 in completion规定functions capacity
• availability: 软件被userunderstanding, Learning, using and 吸引user capacity
• efficiency: 软件 in 规定 条件 under , 相 for 于所用resource 数量, providing适当performance capacity
• 可maintenance性: 软件被understanding, modify and test easy 程度
• portability: 软件 from 一个environment转移 to 另一个environment easy 程度

1.2 软件qualitymodel

软件qualitymodel is describes软件qualityfeatures and 子features之间relationships framework. common 软件qualitymodelincluding:

1.2.1 ISO/IEC 25010 qualitymodel

ISO/IEC 25010 is 国际标准化组织release 软件qualitymodel标准, including以 under qualityfeatures:

1.2.2 McCall qualitymodel

McCall qualitymodel is 由 McCall etc.人提出 软件qualitymodel, including以 under qualityfeatures:

• 产品run: 正确性, reliability, efficiency, integrity, availability
• 产品modify: 可maintenance性, flexible性, 可test性
• 产品转移: portability, reusability, 互operation性

1.2.3 Boehm qualitymodel

Boehm qualitymodel is 由 Boehm etc.人提出 软件qualitymodel, including以 under qualityfeatures:

• portability
• reliability
• efficiency
• 可maintenance性
• 可test性
• availability
• 可understanding性

2. 软件quality标准

2.1 国际标准

• ISO 9000 系列标准: qualitymanagement体系标准, 适用于各种组织
• ISO/IEC 12207: 软件生命周期过程标准
• ISO/IEC 15504: 软件过程assessment标准
• ISO/IEC 25000 系列标准: 软件产品qualityassessment标准
• ISO/IEC 27001: informationsecuritymanagement体系标准

2.2 行业标准

• CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) : capacity成熟度model集成, assessment and improvement组织 过程capacity
• IEEE 标准: such as IEEE 730 (软件quality保证计划) , IEEE 829 (软件testdocumentation) etc.
• SEI 标准: 软件工程研究所release 标准 and guide
• 行业specific标准: such as医疗软件 FDA 标准, 航空软件 DO-178B/C 标准etc.

3. 软件quality保证 (SQA)

3.1 软件quality保证 定义

软件quality保证 (Software Quality Assurance, SQA) is a has 计划, has system 活动, 旨 in 确保软件产品 and 过程符compliance定 quality要求. SQA 主要目标 is :

• 确保软件过程 and 产品符合quality标准 and 规范
• providing软件quality 客观证据
• promotingqualityimprovement
• reducing软件defect and failure
• improvingSoftware Development efficiency and 效益

3.2 软件quality保证 活动

软件quality保证活动including以 under 几个方面:

3.2.1 quality计划

• 制定quality方针 and quality目标
• 确定quality标准 and 规范
• 制定quality保证计划
• 分配quality保证resource

3.2.2 过程audit

• assessmentSoftware Development过程 compliance性
• 识别过程in issues and improvement机会
• providing过程improvement建议

3.2.3 产品审查

• 审查软件requirements, design, code and testdocumentation
• 识别产品in defect and issues
• 确保产品符合quality标准

3.2.4 test监督

• 监督test计划 执行
• assessmenttest结果 has 效性
• 确保test覆盖所 has 关键functions and qualityfeatures

3.2.5 quality度量

• 收集 and analysisqualitydata
• assessment软件quality水平
• 识别quality趋势 and issues

3.2.6 quality报告

• 定期向management层报告quality状况
• providingqualityimprovement建议
• 跟踪qualityissues 解决circumstances

3.3 软件quality保证 组织

软件quality保证 组织通常including以 under role:

• quality保证经理: 负责制定 and 实施quality保证策略 and 计划
• quality保证工程师: 执行具体 quality保证活动, such asaudit, 审查 and test监督
• 过程improvement专家: 负责识别 and 实施过程improvement措施
• quality控制人员: 负责执行quality控制活动, such astest and defectmanagement

4. 软件quality控制

4.1 软件quality控制 定义

软件quality控制 is 指 in Software Development过程in, through各种method and techniques, 确保软件产品符compliance定 quality要求 活动. 软件quality控制 主要目标 is :

• 识别 and 消除软件defect
• 确保软件产品符合quality标准
• verification软件产品 functions and performance
• 确保软件产品满足userrequirements

4.2 软件quality控制 活动

软件quality控制活动including以 under 几个方面:

4.2.1 requirementsanalysis and verification

• analysis and verification软件requirements integrity, consistency and 可行性
• 确保requirementsdocumentation符合quality标准
• 识别requirementsin issues and risk

4.2.2 design审查

• 审查软件architecturedesign and 详细design
• 确保design符合requirements and quality标准
• 识别designin issues and improvement机会

4.2.3 code审查

• 审查sourcescode quality and compliance性
• 识别codein defect and issues
• 确保code符合编码标准 and best practices

4.2.4 test

• 执行单元test, 集成test, systemtest and acceptancetest
• test软件 functions, performance, security性 and availability
• 识别 and 报告软件defect

4.2.5 defectmanagement

• 跟踪 and management软件defect 生命周期
• 确保defect得 to 及时修复
• analysisdefect 根本原因

4.2.6 configurationmanagement

• management软件configuration项 version and 变更
• 确保软件configuration consistency and integrity
• 控制软件变更 影响

5. 软件quality度量

5.1 软件quality度量 concepts

软件quality度量 is 指through量化 method, assessment软件产品 and 过程 qualityfeatures. 软件quality度量 主要目 is :

• 客观assessment软件quality水平
• 识别qualityissues and improvement机会
• 跟踪qualityimprovement 效果
• for qualitymanagement决策providing依据

5.2 软件quality度量 class型

5.2.1 过程度量

• 进度度量: such as计划completion率, practical进度 and 计划 偏差
• 成本度量: such aspractical成本 and 预算 偏差, 人均成本
• defect度量: such asdefect发现率, defect修复率
• efficiency度量: such ascodeproduce率, test覆盖率

5.2.2 产品度量

• 规模度量: such ascode行数, functions点数量
• complexity度量: such as圈complexity, 认知complexity
• reliability度量: such as平均无failure时间, defect密度
• 可maintenance性度量: such ascodecomment率, module化程度

5.2.3 project度量

• risk度量: such asrisk暴露度, risk缓解率
• resource度量: such asresource利用率, resource平衡度
• quality度量: such astestthrough率, user满意度

5.3 软件quality度量 method

• 静态度量: throughanalysis软件 静态property (such ascodestructure, documentation) 来assessmentquality
• 动态度量: throughrun软件来assessmentquality, such asperformancetest, reliabilitytest
• 主观度量: through专家assessment and user反馈来assessmentquality
• 客观度量: through量化 指标来assessmentquality, such asdefect数量, test覆盖率

6. 软件qualityimprovement

6.1 软件qualityimprovement concepts

软件qualityimprovement is 指through各种method and techniques, 持续improving软件产品 and 过程quality 活动. 软件qualityimprovement 主要目标 is :

• reducing软件defect and failure
• improving软件产品 qualityfeatures
• optimizationSoftware Development过程
• improvingSoftware Development efficiency and 效益
• 增强组织 竞争力

6.2 软件qualityimprovement method

6.2.1 过程improvementmodel

• CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) : capacity成熟度model集成, providing了一个framework, 用于assessment and improvement组织 过程capacity
• ISO/IEC 15504: 软件过程assessment标准, providing了一个method, 用于assessment and improvement软件过程
• Lean Software Development: 精益Software Development, 强调消除浪费, improvingvalue流 efficiency
• Six Sigma: 六西格玛, throughreducing变异 and defect, improving过程quality

6.2.2 qualityimprovementtechniques

• 根因analysis: throughanalysisissues 根本原因, 采取措施防止issues再次发生
• 帕累托analysis: throughanalysisissues 频率 and 影响, 确定优先improvement 领域
• 鱼骨graph: throughanalysisissues 可能原因, 识别improvement机会
• 头脑风暴: through集思广益, 产生improvement ideas
• 实验design: throughdesign and 执行实验, assessmentimprovement措施 效果

6.2.3 qualityimprovement 步骤

• 识别issues: throughquality度量 and 反馈, 识别qualityissues
• analysis根因: through根因analysis, 确定issues 根本原因
• 制定improvement计划: 根据根因analysis结果, 制定improvement计划
• 实施improvement措施: 执行improvement计划, 实施improvement措施
• assessmentimprovement效果: throughquality度量, assessmentimprovement措施 效果
• 标准化 and 推广: 将 has 效 improvement措施标准化, 并推广 to otherproject

7. 软件quality保证 best practices

• 建立明确 quality目标: 确保quality目标具体, 可衡量, 可implementation, 相关 and has 时限
• 制定详细 quality计划: includingquality标准, quality保证活动, quality控制措施 and quality度量method
• 实施全面 quality保证: 覆盖Software Development 整个生命周期, includingrequirements, design, 编码, test and maintenance
• 重视过程improvement: through持续 过程improvement, improving软件quality
• 加强团队培训: improvingteam members quality意识 and 技能
• 鼓励团队协作: promotingDevelopment, test, quality保证etc.团队之间 协作
• 收集 and analysisqualitydata: throughqualitydata, 识别qualityissues and improvement机会
• 持续improvement: through定期 qualityassessment and improvement, continuouslyimproving软件quality
• 关注user反馈: throughuser反馈, Understand软件quality practicalcircumstances
• adopts合适 tool and techniques: usingautomationtool and techniques, improvingquality保证 and quality控制 efficiency and 效果